Immunization: Health Care Delivery

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO). Nowadays, this is one of the global issues that experts are trying to solve on how they can help each individual to attain this stage, which in the end they across of finding ways on how an individual will be able to achieve this goal. That is through immunization. Immunizations are used to protect the human body against preventable diseases. Immunizations are usually given in the form of a shot or vaccine.When one gets immunized, the body develops the ability to fight off a given disease. Immunizations safeguard the body from illnesses and death caused by certain infectious diseases. Some immunizations are given to prevent a single disease, while others will take care of two or three diseases. Immunizations help control infectious diseases that were once common. They have reduced, and in many cases, eliminated, diseases that routinely killed or harmed infant s, children, and adults.However, the viruses and bacteria that cause vaccine-preventable disease and death still exist and can be passed on to people who are not immunized. Children need immunizations to protect them from dangerous childhood diseases. How can this be possible for everybody? That was answered by World Health Organization, when they initiated the Expanded Program on Immunization in May 1974 with the objective to vaccinate children throughout the world.Ten years later, in 1984, the WHO established a standardized vaccination schedule for the original EPI vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DPT), oral polio, and measles. Increased knowledge of the immunologic factors of disease led to new vaccines being developed and added to the EPI’s list of recommended vaccines: Hepatitis B (HepB), yellow fever in countries endemic for the disease, and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis (Hib) conjugate vaccine in countries with high burden of disease.In 1999, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) was created with the sole purpose of improving child health in the poorest countries by extending the reach of the EPI. The GAVI brought together a grand coalition, including the UN agencies and institutions (WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank), public health institutes, donor and implementing countries, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and The Rockefeller Foundation, the vaccine industry, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and many more.The creation of the GAVI has helped to renew interest and maintain the importance of immunizations in battling the world’s large burden of infectious diseases. The current goals of the EPI are: to ensure full immunization of children under one year of age in every district, to globally eradicate poliomyelitis, to reduce maternal and neonatal tetanus to an incidence rate of less than one case per 1,000 births by 2005, to cut in half the number of measles-related deaths that occurred in 1999, and to extend all new vaccine and preventive health interventions to children in all districts in the world.In addition, the GAVI has set up specific milestones to achieve the EPI goals: that by 2010 all countries have routine immunization coverage of 90% of their child population, that HepB be introduced in 80% of all countries by 2007 and that 50% of the poorest countries have Hib vaccine by 2005. In each of the United Nations’ member states, the individual national governments create and implement their own policies for vaccination programs following the guidelines set by the EPI.Setting up an immunization program is multifaceted and contains many complex components including a reliable cold chain system, transport for the delivery of the vaccines, maintenance of vaccine stocks, training and monitoring of health workers, outreach educational programs to inform the public, and a means of documenting and recording which child receives which vaccines.At the local level, implementation of the health care delivery system has been given greater responsibility to the local government Unit (LGU) by virtue of the Local Government Code of 1991, the Magna Carta for health workers for Republic Act 7305 in 1992, and the barangay health workers benefits in Incentives Act of 1995. The latter act provides for training volunteer workers as well as minimal incentives to convince them to help run barangay health station or centers. This volunteer will assist in clerical tasks and minor health procedures, such as weighing and measuring patients and malnutrition mitigating activities.However, this workers do it in this context that the study was conceptualize the results of the study may provide an assessment of the status of the health care delivery system and immunization status of children whose ages are 0 to 12 months old in Barangay San Juan- San Ramon of Municipality of Camaligan, Camarines Sur. The research finding can be a basis and inputs to the Local Government Units of Camaligan and Barangay San Juan- San Ramon in planning and implementation of barangay health care delivery system.Furthermore, allocation of Local Government Units (LGUs) budget or expenditure priority can also be guided towards a more responsive allocation level of health services. Results of the study may also contribute towards awareness building and educating the barangay residence about preventive health care. In terms of capacity building, the Local Government Unit (LGU) and the National Government will be given one basis for their technical support and training program for the health care workers to better improved the capacity to perform their jobs.After all, an empowered and well trained social health care work force will improved the delivery of community health care and reduce the number of children from preventable illnesses such as measles, malaria, diarrhea, malnutrition, and acute respiratory infection. Providing care for the children is really important. They will live to grow into adulthood and eventually become the future adult citizens. To ensure a productive future for these children, they must be protected from heavy childhood diseases which can be prevented through immunization.Presidential Decree No. 996 stated about â€Å"providing for compulsory basic immunization for infants and children below 8 years of age†. Immunization is one of the most important preventive management that should be done and given to infants in the first few months of his life. Estimates reveal that diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, and measles are responsible for the deaths of about 5 million children every year in developing countries.These diseases are preventable through immunization with a handful of vaccines that can be given within the first year of a child’s life. Immunization has been recognized and accepted as one of the most important components in the prevention and control of c ommunicable diseases. Immunization is a basic health service; therefore it is integrated into the healthcare delivery service of the ministry of health. With the assistance of UN children’s fund and WHO, the ministry of ealth launches the expanded program on immunization objective of reducing the morbidity and mortality rates of the EPI mentioned by increasing the proportion of fully immunized children in their first year of life. The researchers are fully aware and knowledgeable about the immunization that will provide maximal immunity to Expanded Program on Immunization diseases before a child’s first birthday. The respondents are well exposed to immunization activities for they have volunteered and participated in the community’s activity program. Thus, they can well undertake the study.

Cofer – the Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria

As Judith Ortiz Cofer says in her essay â€Å"mixed cultural signals have perpetuated certain stereotypes† (49). Since something can be natural in a determined culture and offensive in another, it is easy to find a variety of behaves that are misunderstood. This misunderstood is what promotes the existence of prejudice. The stereotypes should be ignored and forgotten by people. Each individual should be judge by its work and personality, and not by its clothes, physical appearance or place of origin. People should know better about distinct culture before believe in stereotypes. As a Brazilian woman (and therefore Latina). I can talk about the stereotype created about women from my country. Brazil is known for its soccer team, carnival, and beautiful women. It seems nice characteristic to be identified with. Although, those characteristics make people believe that in Brazil the women are always or at least most of the time naked. Brazilian girls are believed to be easy ones, because they kiss in the mouth on the first date. In some countries (as the ones in Europe) people also believe the Brazilian women that move to there are all prostitutes. Those and much more related kind of stereotypes make the Brazilian women to endure a lot prejudice not only as a Latin but also as a Brazilian. It is very sad to know that people are so influenceable but that is how it is. And it is very difficult to change such an old idea that is attached to the people’s mind. But we should not give up of the transformation. Cofer emphasizes that â€Å"we cannot change this (the myth of Latina as whore, domestic or criminal) by legislating the way people look at us. The transformation, as I see it, has to occur at a much more individual level† (56). I fully endorse her idea about the change be made in an individual level. I believe that each Latin woman should try show with her own example of life and behave that the stereotypically idea that people have about Latinas is wrong. We must show them that we are misinterpreted because of the unlikeness between our cultures. Something that is natural to me can be vulgar to someone else. That is why we should try to clarify our culture. We should make people understand it better and stop make judgment based on stereotypes. I assume that prejudice comes from the unknown. If a person knows more about the differences, he/she would be able to understand it better. And maybe the pattern created by the media and folklore about the Latinas would not be so easy accepted as a true.

Free Essays on Nuclear Weapons Effects In Japan

To Use or Not to Use? â€Å"More than 210,000 people were killed as a result of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.† According to Jonathan Watts in Dispatch: Tokyo. â€Å" Most people were killed instantly, but many did not succumb until years later, when they had Leukemia and other diseases related to radiation exposure.† Also according to Watts. Nuclear bombs not only have a devastating immediate effect, but also a long-term effect too. If you were within a 2km radius of the nuclear blast, most likely you would have been exposed to the radiation from the bomb. When a bomb has been detonated it releases â€Å"neutrons, x- and gamma-rays, radiation, electromagnetic pulse (EMP), and ionization of the upper atmosphere.† Stated by John Pike in Nuclear Weapon Effects. These energies and particles in these bombs is what causes all of the diseases that people get from nuclear bombs. Because of all of the death that comes from nuclear bombs, I believe that nuclear bombs should no t be used in war. Although many people think that nuclear weapons should not be used in war, but some think differently. â€Å"The Clinton team has shown little commitment to the disassembly of nuclear warheads.† Says William M. Arkin and Hans Kristensen in the book Nuclear Junkies: Those Loveable little Bombs. This is statement is true but, just because they aren’t disassembled doesn’t mean that we should use them in war. Some might say that we should keep the nuclear weapons assembled just in case there was a crisis that needed a threat of a nuclear bomb to get the attention of a possible attacker. Or if there were ever a threat from a country that they would use biological warfare to get their demands. In these instances, some believe that a nuclear bomb would be necessary to use to stop from major threats. Although these are all good arguments it doesn’t mean that nuclear bombs should be used in war. Just because nuclear bombs can scare other c... Free Essays on Nuclear Weapons Effects In Japan Free Essays on Nuclear Weapons Effects In Japan To Use or Not to Use? â€Å"More than 210,000 people were killed as a result of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.† According to Jonathan Watts in Dispatch: Tokyo. â€Å" Most people were killed instantly, but many did not succumb until years later, when they had Leukemia and other diseases related to radiation exposure.† Also according to Watts. Nuclear bombs not only have a devastating immediate effect, but also a long-term effect too. If you were within a 2km radius of the nuclear blast, most likely you would have been exposed to the radiation from the bomb. When a bomb has been detonated it releases â€Å"neutrons, x- and gamma-rays, radiation, electromagnetic pulse (EMP), and ionization of the upper atmosphere.† Stated by John Pike in Nuclear Weapon Effects. These energies and particles in these bombs is what causes all of the diseases that people get from nuclear bombs. Because of all of the death that comes from nuclear bombs, I believe that nuclear bombs should no t be used in war. Although many people think that nuclear weapons should not be used in war, but some think differently. â€Å"The Clinton team has shown little commitment to the disassembly of nuclear warheads.† Says William M. Arkin and Hans Kristensen in the book Nuclear Junkies: Those Loveable little Bombs. This is statement is true but, just because they aren’t disassembled doesn’t mean that we should use them in war. Some might say that we should keep the nuclear weapons assembled just in case there was a crisis that needed a threat of a nuclear bomb to get the attention of a possible attacker. Or if there were ever a threat from a country that they would use biological warfare to get their demands. In these instances, some believe that a nuclear bomb would be necessary to use to stop from major threats. Although these are all good arguments it doesn’t mean that nuclear bombs should be used in war. Just because nuclear bombs can scare other c...

Nixon is the One essays

Nixon is the One essays In Irwin s book Turning Point: 1968, chapter 7, there were several conflicts, which aroused during the Presidential Election of 1968, which was one of the most chaotic in American history, reflecting a time that was in many ways equally chaotic. There was the conflict, which aroused between the Republicans and Democrats for the presidential election, and also the conflict between the Democrats and the protesters at the Democratic Chicago Convention in August 1968. These events displayed the many social conflicts, which people were facing throughout the sixties. At the beginning of the election season, President Lyndon Johnson was the front-runner for the Democratic nomination, and as a sitting president, he should have won his party's nomination without any trouble. But growing opposition to the war in Vietnam, unrest on college campuses, and urban rioting, made him vulnerable. In November 1967, Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination, and that ending the Vietnam War was his central issue. McCarthy mobilized hundreds of student volunteers, who went "clean for Gene," cutting their hair and going door-to-door for him in New Hampshire, home of the nation's first primary election. The effort paid off and in March 1968, McCarthy shocked the political world by winning 42 percent of the vote. He did not win the primary, but the size of his support was a defeat to Johnson. Sensing Johnson's vulnerability, Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York entered the race for the Democratic nomination. That, along with renewed opposition to the war in light of the North Vietnamese Tet offensive, prompted President Johnson to announce that he was not running for re-election. In response, Vice President Hubert Humphrey entered the race, but it was too late to run in the primaries. He would have to win delegate support at the nominating convention in Chicago that summer. In the mea...

Exercise in Building and Connecting Sentences

Exercise in Building and Connecting Sentences This exercise will give you a chance to practice condensing and combining sentences using transitional words or phrases.  Combine the sentences in each set into two clear sentences. Add a transitional word or phrase to the second sentence to show how it relates to the first. Heres an example: Retirement should be the reward for a lifetime of work.It is widely viewed as a sort of punishment.It is a punishment for growing old.Sample Combination:Retirement should be the reward for a lifetime of work. Instead, it is widely viewed as a sort of punishment for growing old. When you are done, compare your sentences with the sample combinations  below. Exercise: Building and Connecting Sentences With Transitional Words and Phrases To be self-centered does not mean to disregard the worth of other people.We are all self-centered.Most psychologists would probably accept this position.There are differences in math performance between boys and girls.These differences cannot be attributed simply to differences in innate ability.If one were to ask the children themselves, they would probably disagree.We do not seek solitude.If we find ourselves alone for once, we flick a switch.We invite the whole world in.The world comes in through the TV or Internet.Little girls, of course, dont take toy guns out of their hip pockets.They do not say Pow, pow to all their neighbors and friends.The average well-adjusted little boy does this.If we gave little girls the six-shooters, we would soon have double the body count.We know very little about pain.What we dont know makes it hurt all the more.There is ignorance about pain.No form of illiteracy in the United States is so widespread.No form of illiteracy in the United States is so costly. We drove the wagon close to a corner post.We twisted the end of the wire around it.We twisted the wire one foot above the ground.We stapled it fast.We drove along the line of posts.We drove for about 200 yards.We unreeled the wire on the ground behind us.The historical sciences have made us very conscious of our past.They have made us conscious of the world as a machine.The machine generates successive events out of foregoing ones.Some scholars tend to look totally backward.They look backward in their interpretation of the human future.Rewriting is something that most writers find they have to do.They rewrite to discover what they have to say.They rewrite to discover how to say it.There are a few writers who do little formal rewriting.They have capacity and experience.They create and review a large number of invisible drafts.They create and review in their minds.They do this before they approach the page. When you are done, compare your sentences with the sample combinations below. Sample Combinations To be self-centered does not mean to disregard the worth of other people.  In fact,  most psychologists would probably accept the position that we are  all  self-centered.The differences in math performance between boys and girls cannot be attributed simply to differences in innate ability.  Still,  if one were to ask the children themselves, they would probably disagree.We do not seek solitude.  In fact,  if we find ourselves alone for once we flick a switch and invite the whole world in through the TV or  Internet.Little girls, of course, dont take toy guns out of their hip pockets and say Pow, pow to all their neighbors and friends like average well-adjusted little boys.  However,  if we gave little girls the six-shooters, we would soon have double the body count.(Anne Roiphe, Confessions of a Female Chauvinist Sow)We know very little about pain and what we dont know makes it hurt all the more.  Indeed,  no form of illiteracy in the United States is so wi despread or costly as ignorance about pain.(Norman Cousins, Pain Is Not the Ultimate Enemy) We drove the wagon close to a corner post, twisted the end of the wire around it one foot above the ground, and stapled it fast.  Next,  we drove along the line of posts for about 200 yards, unreeling wire on the ground behind us.(John Fischer, Barbed Wire)The historical sciences have made us very conscious of our past, and of the world as a machine generating successive events out of foregoing ones.  For this reason,  some scholars tend to look totally backward in their interpretation of the human future.(Loren Eiseley,  The Unexpected Universe)Rewriting is something that most writers find they have to do to discover what they have to say and how to say it. There are,  however,  a few writers who do little formal rewriting because they have the capacity and experience to create and review a large number of invisible drafts in their minds before they approach the page.(Donald M. Murray, The Makers Eye: Revising Your Own Manuscripts)

Decision Making Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Decision Making Process - Essay Example Doing this entails a thorough understanding of the micro and macro environment that defines the given consumers that a firm needs to serve. The most important point to note is the fact that consumer buying choices and decisions making process are things that get influenced by external factors which need to be handled by internal processes that could take place through social interactions. Consumer decision-making process has more to do with the patterns of behaviour that are preceded by consumers, determining and making them follow certain decisions with the sole aim of satisfying their individual or group needs based on products and services (Wu-Chung & Tzung-Cheng, 2010, pp.3530-3540). The mortgage market is experiencing numerous changes and has grown more volatile following the current financial crisis that has been most of the times blamed on poor handling of mortgages by various firms and stakeholders. This paper looks at the consumer decision-making process for the purchase of an appropriate mortgage following acquisition of some sufficient capital sourced from an uncle. The transaction will thus be analysed based on this theory in order to establish what went on as far as my decision-making process was concerned regarding the mortgage transaction. ... I happened to get enough information regarding the mortgage market, something that I do often before engaging myself into a purchasing process. First I sought credibility of this company as the dealer in mortgages. I then went to the industry analysis on the mortgages. I wanted also to take advantage of any incentives that would have come with choosing the best mortgage dealer. Many companies do provide mortgages but differ in various issues especially rates charged on these mortgages. There are repayment mortgages and interest only mortgages. I realized that interest on mortgages played a very important role in the choice of mortgage option. I also learnt of the mortgage regulation by the Financial Services Authority which sees to it that confidence in the financial system is maintained, public understanding is promoted, consumers are well protected and that financial crimes are avoided. There are also high interest rates on the mortgages placed by banks because of the need to cut o n liquidity in the market (London & Country Mortgages, 2011). I then had to make my decision on the mortgage choice and payment. This is where things became hot! Decision-Making Process on Purchase of an Appropriate Mortgage Property in London A consumer undergoes various stages in his or her buying decision-making process which are comprised of motivation to buy the product or service, problem or need recognition that is to be addressed, search for information, evaluating alternatives that are available in the market, and making a final purchase based on the choice made. Rational decision theory indicates that consumers as decision-makers do make many strategies and tend to use some logical procedures aimed at solving

Thomas Paine's theory (in Common Sense) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Thomas Paine's theory (in Common Sense) - Essay Example Conversely, the government refers to an institution with a sole purpose of protecting the people from their own vices. The originality of the government can be traced to man’s evil. In this case, government is a needed evil to man. Apparently, the sole purpose of the government is the protection of life, property and liberty. Therefore, the judgment to a government should be based on its ability to fulfill this goal (Wilensky, 2010). Paine uses several imageries to pass his point. He considers a scenario in which some people are isolated in some island from where they are very detached from the rest of the rest of the society. With time with people will have to develop relations with one another and make laws that govern them. According to Paine, when persons are allowed to make their own laws, they will become much better off. This is because they pride of assuming responsibilities for the creation of their laws. He sees this as the best way for the American colonists to use. Therefore, the British reign over America and the whole system of government of Britain is a total flaw. The system used by the British to run their government is full of complexities and contradictions. Although, it claims to provide a reason system of the government, the British system is impractically wrong (Paine, 1995). Paine is also concerned with hereditary succession and monarchy notions. Naturally, man was born as equals and therefore such distinctions that occur between a king and a subject are unnatural. Although the world was created without kings, the ancient Jews insisted to have a king. Paine argues that God did not approve to this but just allowed them to have kings. Later on, God descended his wrath on the Jews because of their insistence on having a king. Paine therefore opines that monarchy as an institution has its origin from sin that is condemned by both the Bible and God. He goes ahead to condemn hereditary succession by arguing that even with the decision of having a king, the child of the king has no legitimate authority of becoming a future ruler. Hereditary progression has been a source of many evils like civil war, incompetent kings and corruption. Theoretically, America has thrived under the British rule. This makes them mandated to be under the rule of a king. However, the practical reality is that America has since evolved and no longer needs help from the British. Therefore, the claim that Britain protected America and should automatically seek allegiance is false since its mission is majorly to protect its economic interests. In most of Britain’s colonies, the British have been carrying out several attacks. Consequently, they do not deserve any loyalty from America. These attacks leave so little gains to the colonies. According to Paine, America or any other British colony can better do commerce with other countries in the rest of Europe. However, this will require that America first becomes independent. Past problems c annot be solved if colonies continue with their attachments to Britain. The only solution now for America and other British colonies is to seek independence. Otherwise, their problems will continue to persist (Paine & Slaughter, Common Sense and Related Writings, 2001). As a solution to this kind of mess, Paine offered to provide the form of government that can be adapted by